A study of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services in GCC Countries and in the UAE. Author's own observation while serving in the UAE for past 6 years.
The document discusses cancer registration in India, highlighting several key points:
1) The National Cancer Registry Programme was established in 1982 to generate reliable cancer data and help design cancer control activities. It includes 28 population-based and 7 hospital-based cancer registries across India.
2) Population-based cancer registries provide data on cancer incidence and mortality in communities, but currently only cover 7.5% of India's population. Hospital-based registries contribute to patient care and research.
3) An Atlas of Cancer in India was developed using information technology to make registry data more accessible. However, cancer registration in India still faces challenges like low population coverage, data quality issues, and lack of resources.
The document provides a review of Tonga's health system. It summarizes that Tonga has a decentralized health system managed through 4 districts, with the majority of primary care and 90% of hospital services provided by the public sector. Key achievements include control of infectious diseases, high immunization coverage, and prioritization of non-communicable diseases. However, challenges remain such as high rates of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. The health workforce faces issues of limited education opportunities and brain drain overseas. Infrastructure and medical equipment also require significant upgrades.
The document discusses cancer registries and epidemiology in India. It notes that cancer cases are rising globally with Asia accounting for nearly half of new cases. The Indian Cancer Society was established in 1951 to address cancer issues in India. The National Cancer Registry Programme was launched in 1982 under ICMR to collect nationwide cancer incidence data through a network of population-based and hospital-based cancer registries. There are currently 29 population-based and 17 hospital-based cancer registries in India collecting data to analyze cancer trends and patterns to help address the growing cancer burden. Limitations include possible duplicate registrations and lack of unique patient identification numbers.
This document discusses innovations in access to essential medicines in South Africa. It provides background on the WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines and South Africa's quadruple disease burden. It then reviews South Africa's essential medicines access challenges and potential for mobile health technologies to improve pharmaceutical supply chain management and patient access. Key findings indicate limited research on these topics and their relationships in South Africa. Mobile phone ubiquity and health policies suggest an enabling environment for mHealth, but challenges around stewardship, leadership and resources must also be addressed.
Human Resources for Health article _ZakumumpaZakumumpa Henry
This study examined human resource strategies adopted by health facilities in Uganda to sustain long-term delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) following initial scale-up from 2004-2009. A mixed methods approach was used, including surveys of 195 facilities and interviews with staff from 6 facilities. The strategies identified were: (1) providing incentives to workers on busy clinic days, (2) reducing workload by spacing appointments, (3) using training to motivate workers, (4) adopting non-physician staffing models, and (5) developing leadership to enhance worker commitment. The study suggests these facility-level strategies helped address human resource constraints and could support continued ART program delivery in resource-limited settings.
The document discusses cancer registries and screening in India. It notes that the National Cancer Registry Programme was launched in 1982 to collect data on cancer prevalence and incidence. Population-based registries provide epidemiological data on cancer incidence rates in India. However, existing screening programs through mobile units and hospital-based registries rely on opportunistic screening and have limited population coverage. Improving organized, population-based screening is recommended.
The document provides a health system assessment report for Jur River County in Western Bahr El Ghazal State, Southern Sudan. It finds that primary health care units are relatively well staffed compared to the only primary health care center assessed. It also finds that maternal health workers are traditionally birth attendants with experience. Most health facilities lack usable pit latrines. While all facilities provide outpatient services, only one provides inpatient care. On average 6,442 consultations occur monthly in the county. Supervision of facilities is infrequent. Protocols are inconsistently available across facilities. Most facilities rely on government supplies and previously benefited from a performance-based financing mechanism. Many lacked essential medicines during the assessment. The report concludes key interventions
Barriers to access of quality renal replacement therapy in endstage renal dis...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice.The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
The document discusses cancer registration in India, highlighting several key points:
1) The National Cancer Registry Programme was established in 1982 to generate reliable cancer data and help design cancer control activities. It includes 28 population-based and 7 hospital-based cancer registries across India.
2) Population-based cancer registries provide data on cancer incidence and mortality in communities, but currently only cover 7.5% of India's population. Hospital-based registries contribute to patient care and research.
3) An Atlas of Cancer in India was developed using information technology to make registry data more accessible. However, cancer registration in India still faces challenges like low population coverage, data quality issues, and lack of resources.
The document provides a review of Tonga's health system. It summarizes that Tonga has a decentralized health system managed through 4 districts, with the majority of primary care and 90% of hospital services provided by the public sector. Key achievements include control of infectious diseases, high immunization coverage, and prioritization of non-communicable diseases. However, challenges remain such as high rates of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. The health workforce faces issues of limited education opportunities and brain drain overseas. Infrastructure and medical equipment also require significant upgrades.
The document discusses cancer registries and epidemiology in India. It notes that cancer cases are rising globally with Asia accounting for nearly half of new cases. The Indian Cancer Society was established in 1951 to address cancer issues in India. The National Cancer Registry Programme was launched in 1982 under ICMR to collect nationwide cancer incidence data through a network of population-based and hospital-based cancer registries. There are currently 29 population-based and 17 hospital-based cancer registries in India collecting data to analyze cancer trends and patterns to help address the growing cancer burden. Limitations include possible duplicate registrations and lack of unique patient identification numbers.
This document discusses innovations in access to essential medicines in South Africa. It provides background on the WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines and South Africa's quadruple disease burden. It then reviews South Africa's essential medicines access challenges and potential for mobile health technologies to improve pharmaceutical supply chain management and patient access. Key findings indicate limited research on these topics and their relationships in South Africa. Mobile phone ubiquity and health policies suggest an enabling environment for mHealth, but challenges around stewardship, leadership and resources must also be addressed.
Human Resources for Health article _ZakumumpaZakumumpa Henry
This study examined human resource strategies adopted by health facilities in Uganda to sustain long-term delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) following initial scale-up from 2004-2009. A mixed methods approach was used, including surveys of 195 facilities and interviews with staff from 6 facilities. The strategies identified were: (1) providing incentives to workers on busy clinic days, (2) reducing workload by spacing appointments, (3) using training to motivate workers, (4) adopting non-physician staffing models, and (5) developing leadership to enhance worker commitment. The study suggests these facility-level strategies helped address human resource constraints and could support continued ART program delivery in resource-limited settings.
The document discusses cancer registries and screening in India. It notes that the National Cancer Registry Programme was launched in 1982 to collect data on cancer prevalence and incidence. Population-based registries provide epidemiological data on cancer incidence rates in India. However, existing screening programs through mobile units and hospital-based registries rely on opportunistic screening and have limited population coverage. Improving organized, population-based screening is recommended.
The document provides a health system assessment report for Jur River County in Western Bahr El Ghazal State, Southern Sudan. It finds that primary health care units are relatively well staffed compared to the only primary health care center assessed. It also finds that maternal health workers are traditionally birth attendants with experience. Most health facilities lack usable pit latrines. While all facilities provide outpatient services, only one provides inpatient care. On average 6,442 consultations occur monthly in the county. Supervision of facilities is infrequent. Protocols are inconsistently available across facilities. Most facilities rely on government supplies and previously benefited from a performance-based financing mechanism. Many lacked essential medicines during the assessment. The report concludes key interventions
Barriers to access of quality renal replacement therapy in endstage renal dis...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice.The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
The document discusses the history and scope of traditional and complementary alternative medicine (TCAM) in the United Arab Emirates and Gulf Cooperation Council countries. It notes that TCAM, including herbal remedies, naturopathy, Ayurveda, and traditional Chinese medicine, has a long history in the Middle East. While GCC countries have developed frameworks and policies for TCAM, implementation has faced challenges. The market for herbal medicines is large in the UAE, but safety and regulation remain concerns. The document examines the development of TCAM in the UAE and GCC in three phases: initial policy development, infrastructure and implementation challenges, and current developments and future prospects.
The document discusses developing a national continuing professional development (CPD/CME) program for health professionals in the UAE. It describes how CPD/CME helps professionals maintain competence through continuous learning. The document analyzes the existing fragmented CPD system in the UAE and calls for key stakeholders like the Ministry of Health to establish a formal, regulated national program. It proposes strategies like defining roles, developing rules and regulations, and establishing an accreditation system. The document stresses the need for urgent action to address the learning needs of health professionals in the UAE through a comprehensive CPD/CME program.
The document discusses the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer in GCC countries due to rapid lifestyle changes following increased oil wealth. It notes high rates of obesity, reaching over 75% of adults in some countries, and diabetes affecting around 1 in 5 adults in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. This shift is attributed to diets high in sugar and processed foods replacing traditional diets, along with more sedentary lifestyles. The report argues early diagnosis and preventative healthcare are needed to curb NCDs and help GCC countries achieve their economic goals.
This document outlines several policy recommendations from ASHP councils and committees that are scheduled to be considered at the May or June 2023 meetings of the ASHP House of Delegates. It provides background on the House of Delegates and ASHP's policy process. It then lists over 20 individual policy recommendations covering topics like payer-directed drug distribution, use of social determinants of health data, pharmacist prescribing authority, and well-being of the pharmacy workforce.
Body Balance "The Holistic Homeostatis" for Instant Pain Relief.SRIKRISHAN Sharma
To promote (SEEEQ) Safety, Education, Efficacy, Efficiency, Quality, of Holistic Health Care Systems through cost effective TCAM, Integrative medicine, Complementary & Alternative medicine, Indigenous, Traditional Medicine and Wellness Services we have designed, promogated and developed wonderful healing system “Body Balance”. The Homeostasis in a general sense which, refers to stability, balance or equilibrium. It is the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment which requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change outside the body. This adjusting of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation. The Most Important in Life e is Balance. Balance of Inner and Outer Side of You. Balance refers to an optimum state of mind between calm and alert.
Sir, with our efforts we have designed unique Balancing System covering all the universal Manipulative and body-based systems are divided into three subcategories; (i) chiropractic, sacrum- spinal manipulation; (ii) massage and body work (osteopathic manipulative therapy. kinesiology, reflexology, Alexander technique, rolling, Chinese tui na massage and acupressure), and (iii) unconventional physical therapies (hydro therapy, colonies, diathermy, light and color therapy. heat and electrotherapy, trigger point therapy). Once the Balance is done pain immediately reduces and “Energy and persistence conquer all things in a Balancing State”.
For the country like India this is unique therapy without any additional burden on the pockets and can be integrated or complemented for both the conventional and indigenous system of medicines. All the existing creed of doctor can be up-graded to this new skill for instant relief & better results.
This document provides an overview of pharmacy education and training in a global and national context. Globally, organizations like FIP and academic pharmacy sections are working to promote harmonization of pharmacy education worldwide. Nationally, the document discusses Zambia's health system and the development of the country's pharmacy education program. It was established through collaboration between the University of Zambia, Ministry of Health, and professional bodies to train registrable pharmacists through academic and practice-based components. The goals of pharmacy education are also outlined, including developing skills in various areas and providing scientific, academic, and professional knowledge bases.
Setting the health_research_priority_agenda_for_mohFaisalSaleh40
The document outlines a study conducted in Saudi Arabia to establish national health research priorities for 2020-2025 through a Delphi technique involving over 2,000 stakeholders from the Ministry of Health. Key research priority themes identified included health systems, diseases, and areas of national and international collaboration. The study aimed to align health research with national priorities and needs to improve health outcomes as outlined in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 plan.
A SWOT Analysis Of The Physiotherapy Profession In KuwaitJim Webb
This research article conducted a SWOT analysis of the physiotherapy profession in Kuwait through 17 key informant interviews. The interviews identified strengths like funding for services and motivated professionals, as well as weaknesses such as lack of education, resources, marketing, and standardized practices. Opportunities mentioned were untapped demand, development of the physiotherapy association, and collaboration. Threats included low public awareness, challenges with interprofessional practice, and cultural views on health. The analysis concluded that opportunities exist to advance the profession through the physiotherapy association advocating for standards, research, and collaboration.
This document discusses the integration of traditional and complementary medicine into health systems. It provides an overview of the World Health Organization's policies on this issue, including the Beijing Declaration which calls on governments to integrate traditional medicine into their national health care systems. The document also discusses different models of integration, from inclusive systems that recognize but have not fully integrated traditional medicine, to integrative systems where it is officially recognized and incorporated into all areas of health care provision.
The document discusses WHO guidelines on rational medicine use and types of irrational medicine use. It notes that more than half of global medicine use is irrational, costing money and reducing treatment effectiveness. Irrational use includes polypharmacy, inappropriate antibiotic use, overuse of injections, and self-medication without prescriptions. The document lists several causes of irrational use, such as the natural history of illnesses, pseudo-logic, advertising influence on prescribers, and the perception that injections are always better than oral medications. Addressing irrational medicine use is important for improving health outcomes and efficient use of resources.
This document presents the final report of a study on strengthening pharmaceutical innovation in Africa. It provides an evidence base and direction for an initiative endorsed by Africa's ministers of science and technology to help countries develop strategies and build capacity for pharmaceutical innovation. The report analyzes the context, assesses the current landscape, identifies essential building blocks, and provides tools - including a Pharmaceutical Innovation Framework and Grid - to guide countries in developing pharmaceutical innovation systems.
Managing Indigenous Syndromes in the South African National Defence ForceWalter Motaung
The document discusses the management of indigenous mental syndromes in the South African Military Health Service from an African perspective. It provides context on health approaches in South Africa and the SAMHS. While policies recognize health as a right, provision is based on Western paradigms that do not account for indigenous conditions. The document calls for an integrated approach that collaborates with traditional healers and is grounded in African psychology to better serve members from an African worldview.
The document outlines several strategies used by the ministry of health to provide drug information. These include using printed materials like formulary manuals, encouraging drug therapeutic committees, providing pharmacology education to health professionals, strengthening national drug policies, using essential medicine lists, creating non-governmental organizations for drug information, encouraging use of mass media, and providing seminars to health workers. The overall goal is to ensure the rational and effective use of drugs in the country.
Thermalism in Brazil discusses the use of hydrotherapy and thermal springs in Brazil for medical purposes. Several Brazilian cities are mentioned as locations with established thermalism/hydrotherapy practices. Recent data shows an increasing number and percentage of both public and private health services in Brazil offer complementary practices like hydrotherapy, Chinese traditional medicine, homeopathy, and others. Some Brazilian health trials have explored the use of thermal springs and hydrotherapy to help treat chronic wounds, burns, and gonarthrosis.
The Presidency - Presidential Health Summit 2018 ReportDr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes the key discussions and recommendations from South Africa's first Presidential Health Summit held in October 2018. The summit brought together stakeholders to address challenges in the country's health system and propose solutions to strengthen it in line with principles of universal health coverage. Nine commissions examined issues like human resources, supply chain management, infrastructure, private sector engagement, health service delivery, financial management, leadership, community engagement and information systems. Recommendations included lifting a moratorium on hiring health workers, improving supply chain processes, establishing a centralized procurement system, and developing an infrastructure plan and information technology system to support the health system. The goal is to ensure all South Africans have access to quality health care.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the feasibility of implementing the National Health Research Act of Zambia. The Act was created to provide regulatory oversight of health research in Zambia, but has not yet been fully implemented. Through interviews with stakeholders, the study identified five major barriers to effective implementation: the level of involvement of Zambian residents in international research projects conducted in Zambia; issues with the ethical approval process; concerns about inspector power; the lack of a requirement for no-fault insurance for research participants; and challenges incorporating traditional medicine practices. The study aims to determine if contextual factors may hinder implementation of certain provisions of the Act and the consequences of enforcing the laws without addressing impediments.
The document discusses the history and scope of traditional and complementary alternative medicine (TCAM) in the United Arab Emirates and Gulf Cooperation Council countries. It notes that TCAM, including herbal remedies, naturopathy, Ayurveda, and traditional Chinese medicine, has a long history in the Middle East. While GCC countries have developed frameworks and policies for TCAM, implementation has faced challenges. The market for herbal medicines is large in the UAE, but safety and regulation remain concerns. The document examines the development of TCAM in the UAE and GCC in three phases: initial policy development, infrastructure and implementation challenges, and current developments and future prospects.
The document discusses developing a national continuing professional development (CPD/CME) program for health professionals in the UAE. It describes how CPD/CME helps professionals maintain competence through continuous learning. The document analyzes the existing fragmented CPD system in the UAE and calls for key stakeholders like the Ministry of Health to establish a formal, regulated national program. It proposes strategies like defining roles, developing rules and regulations, and establishing an accreditation system. The document stresses the need for urgent action to address the learning needs of health professionals in the UAE through a comprehensive CPD/CME program.
The document discusses the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer in GCC countries due to rapid lifestyle changes following increased oil wealth. It notes high rates of obesity, reaching over 75% of adults in some countries, and diabetes affecting around 1 in 5 adults in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. This shift is attributed to diets high in sugar and processed foods replacing traditional diets, along with more sedentary lifestyles. The report argues early diagnosis and preventative healthcare are needed to curb NCDs and help GCC countries achieve their economic goals.
This document outlines several policy recommendations from ASHP councils and committees that are scheduled to be considered at the May or June 2023 meetings of the ASHP House of Delegates. It provides background on the House of Delegates and ASHP's policy process. It then lists over 20 individual policy recommendations covering topics like payer-directed drug distribution, use of social determinants of health data, pharmacist prescribing authority, and well-being of the pharmacy workforce.
Body Balance "The Holistic Homeostatis" for Instant Pain Relief.SRIKRISHAN Sharma
To promote (SEEEQ) Safety, Education, Efficacy, Efficiency, Quality, of Holistic Health Care Systems through cost effective TCAM, Integrative medicine, Complementary & Alternative medicine, Indigenous, Traditional Medicine and Wellness Services we have designed, promogated and developed wonderful healing system “Body Balance”. The Homeostasis in a general sense which, refers to stability, balance or equilibrium. It is the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment which requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change outside the body. This adjusting of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation. The Most Important in Life e is Balance. Balance of Inner and Outer Side of You. Balance refers to an optimum state of mind between calm and alert.
Sir, with our efforts we have designed unique Balancing System covering all the universal Manipulative and body-based systems are divided into three subcategories; (i) chiropractic, sacrum- spinal manipulation; (ii) massage and body work (osteopathic manipulative therapy. kinesiology, reflexology, Alexander technique, rolling, Chinese tui na massage and acupressure), and (iii) unconventional physical therapies (hydro therapy, colonies, diathermy, light and color therapy. heat and electrotherapy, trigger point therapy). Once the Balance is done pain immediately reduces and “Energy and persistence conquer all things in a Balancing State”.
For the country like India this is unique therapy without any additional burden on the pockets and can be integrated or complemented for both the conventional and indigenous system of medicines. All the existing creed of doctor can be up-graded to this new skill for instant relief & better results.
This document provides an overview of pharmacy education and training in a global and national context. Globally, organizations like FIP and academic pharmacy sections are working to promote harmonization of pharmacy education worldwide. Nationally, the document discusses Zambia's health system and the development of the country's pharmacy education program. It was established through collaboration between the University of Zambia, Ministry of Health, and professional bodies to train registrable pharmacists through academic and practice-based components. The goals of pharmacy education are also outlined, including developing skills in various areas and providing scientific, academic, and professional knowledge bases.
Setting the health_research_priority_agenda_for_mohFaisalSaleh40
The document outlines a study conducted in Saudi Arabia to establish national health research priorities for 2020-2025 through a Delphi technique involving over 2,000 stakeholders from the Ministry of Health. Key research priority themes identified included health systems, diseases, and areas of national and international collaboration. The study aimed to align health research with national priorities and needs to improve health outcomes as outlined in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 plan.
A SWOT Analysis Of The Physiotherapy Profession In KuwaitJim Webb
This research article conducted a SWOT analysis of the physiotherapy profession in Kuwait through 17 key informant interviews. The interviews identified strengths like funding for services and motivated professionals, as well as weaknesses such as lack of education, resources, marketing, and standardized practices. Opportunities mentioned were untapped demand, development of the physiotherapy association, and collaboration. Threats included low public awareness, challenges with interprofessional practice, and cultural views on health. The analysis concluded that opportunities exist to advance the profession through the physiotherapy association advocating for standards, research, and collaboration.
This document discusses the integration of traditional and complementary medicine into health systems. It provides an overview of the World Health Organization's policies on this issue, including the Beijing Declaration which calls on governments to integrate traditional medicine into their national health care systems. The document also discusses different models of integration, from inclusive systems that recognize but have not fully integrated traditional medicine, to integrative systems where it is officially recognized and incorporated into all areas of health care provision.
The document discusses WHO guidelines on rational medicine use and types of irrational medicine use. It notes that more than half of global medicine use is irrational, costing money and reducing treatment effectiveness. Irrational use includes polypharmacy, inappropriate antibiotic use, overuse of injections, and self-medication without prescriptions. The document lists several causes of irrational use, such as the natural history of illnesses, pseudo-logic, advertising influence on prescribers, and the perception that injections are always better than oral medications. Addressing irrational medicine use is important for improving health outcomes and efficient use of resources.
This document presents the final report of a study on strengthening pharmaceutical innovation in Africa. It provides an evidence base and direction for an initiative endorsed by Africa's ministers of science and technology to help countries develop strategies and build capacity for pharmaceutical innovation. The report analyzes the context, assesses the current landscape, identifies essential building blocks, and provides tools - including a Pharmaceutical Innovation Framework and Grid - to guide countries in developing pharmaceutical innovation systems.
Managing Indigenous Syndromes in the South African National Defence ForceWalter Motaung
The document discusses the management of indigenous mental syndromes in the South African Military Health Service from an African perspective. It provides context on health approaches in South Africa and the SAMHS. While policies recognize health as a right, provision is based on Western paradigms that do not account for indigenous conditions. The document calls for an integrated approach that collaborates with traditional healers and is grounded in African psychology to better serve members from an African worldview.
The document outlines several strategies used by the ministry of health to provide drug information. These include using printed materials like formulary manuals, encouraging drug therapeutic committees, providing pharmacology education to health professionals, strengthening national drug policies, using essential medicine lists, creating non-governmental organizations for drug information, encouraging use of mass media, and providing seminars to health workers. The overall goal is to ensure the rational and effective use of drugs in the country.
Thermalism in Brazil discusses the use of hydrotherapy and thermal springs in Brazil for medical purposes. Several Brazilian cities are mentioned as locations with established thermalism/hydrotherapy practices. Recent data shows an increasing number and percentage of both public and private health services in Brazil offer complementary practices like hydrotherapy, Chinese traditional medicine, homeopathy, and others. Some Brazilian health trials have explored the use of thermal springs and hydrotherapy to help treat chronic wounds, burns, and gonarthrosis.
The Presidency - Presidential Health Summit 2018 ReportDr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes the key discussions and recommendations from South Africa's first Presidential Health Summit held in October 2018. The summit brought together stakeholders to address challenges in the country's health system and propose solutions to strengthen it in line with principles of universal health coverage. Nine commissions examined issues like human resources, supply chain management, infrastructure, private sector engagement, health service delivery, financial management, leadership, community engagement and information systems. Recommendations included lifting a moratorium on hiring health workers, improving supply chain processes, establishing a centralized procurement system, and developing an infrastructure plan and information technology system to support the health system. The goal is to ensure all South Africans have access to quality health care.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the feasibility of implementing the National Health Research Act of Zambia. The Act was created to provide regulatory oversight of health research in Zambia, but has not yet been fully implemented. Through interviews with stakeholders, the study identified five major barriers to effective implementation: the level of involvement of Zambian residents in international research projects conducted in Zambia; issues with the ethical approval process; concerns about inspector power; the lack of a requirement for no-fault insurance for research participants; and challenges incorporating traditional medicine practices. The study aims to determine if contextual factors may hinder implementation of certain provisions of the Act and the consequences of enforcing the laws without addressing impediments.
1. Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine" – History and its Scope in UAE and GCC Countries By:Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi JP MNZIM MD DPH MACP DAB PhDTechnical Adviser CME, CPD & Advocacy Dubai, UAEMay 2010
2. Abstract The Middle East in general and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries – United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman - in particular have been experimenting with TCAM and its many wide-ranging practices in addition to the conventional western medicine. Study in depth the use of alternative medicine, the foundation of doing so, and strategies for its promotion and implementation. 5/27/2010 2 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi
3. Abstract – (Contd.) Classify biases in communication building efforts in favor of the conventional medicine and the risk factors involved in the execution of TCAM. Discusses the past and scope of TCAM in the UAE and GCC countries as to their rule design, planning and regulation, implementation and infrastructure, current developments and future prospects. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 3
4. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE According to current estimates the UAE’s market for herbal drugs and related services are in the vicinity of AED 300 million per year, which is almost one quarter of the approximate total $330 million for all drugs. Use of herbal medicines continues to expand globally in parallel to an increasing acceptance of herbal remedies by consumers. 5/27/2010 4 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi
5. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE A large number of herbal medicines have been officially registered with MOH and is being dispensed through the pharmacies. This current process of historical transformation from total reliance on orthodox Western medicine to partial shift onto TCAM related practices is marked by a social, economical and cultural resurgence in the sphere of medical practice in the region. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 5
6.
7. The term' Conventional’ refers to all medical practices related to allopathic medicine. While Traditional’ entirely refers to such practices connected with Herbal Remedies, Naturopathy, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic medicine, Chinese traditional medicine, Hypnotherapy, and many others.
8. The list of alternative therapies is never ending because there are as many alternative and complementary therapies as there are many countries and regions in the world. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 6
9.
10. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE A framework published by HAAD have sought to clear the scope of the practice for any budding practitioner who may hope to record with the HAAD. HAAD does not expand to other emirates of the UAE, there is a general force in accepting such frameworks within the UAE for all point and intents. Dubai and Sharjah are the most popular places for TCAM Practitioners in the UAE. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 8
11. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Practice of TCAM can be explained by categorizing them as follows: Traditional Islamic/Greeko-Arab/Unani Medicine: Unani Medicine: although the text is from Greek (UNAN) it derives a major influence from Islam and is also referred to as Eastern Medicine in some countries. Cupping (Hujjama) Tibbe – Nabawi 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 9
12. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Traditional Chinese Medicine: This includes Chinese Herbal Medicines and Acupuncture. Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Tuina – Chinese massage Traditional Indian Medicine: Ayurveda – It includes ayurveda herbal medicine practice, ayurveda massage and yoga. Homeopathy Naturopathy 5/27/2010 10 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi
13. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Recent progress in needs of special cites for TCAM are : Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine ZCHRTM in Abu Dhabi and , Dubai Herbal & Treatment Centre in Dubai that caters all sort of Herbal Medicine and other TCAM remedies. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 11
14. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The use of herbal medicines continues to expand globally in parallel to an increasing acceptance of herbal remedies by consumers. However, in conjunction with this increasing popularity, the number of adverse events, drug interactions, and deaths involving these products is also on the rise. Hence, the safety of herbal medicines has now become a major concern to both health authorities and to the public. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 12
15. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The WHO reported in 1995 that it has got thousands of reports of alleged adverse response to herbal crop. From 1994 to 1998, FDA received more than 800 reports of adverse events associated with herbal products containing ephedrine alkaloids. In 2004, a meta-analysis by the National Institute of Health reported more than 16,000 adverse events linked with medicines containing herbal products. UAE is also no exclusion and several incidence of ruining of herbal medicines with drug active element, poor product quality, side effects and drug connections being reported. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 13
16. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE UAE has also observed increased prevalence to usage of such medicines in parallel with the expanding use of herbal medicines across the world. A large number of herbal medicines have been officially registered with MOH and are being dispensed through the Pharmacies. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 14
17. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Many pharmacists are unaware of the dispensing mode mandated by MOH for these drugs and readily dispense them with the false notion that they are registered as over the counter drugs. Pharmacists are also inadequately learned about the safety of herbal remedies and potential interactions involving herbal products. Moreover, people are more willing to consume herbal remedies. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 15
18. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE This current process of historical transformation from total reliance on orthodox Western medicine to a partial shift onto TCAM related practices is marked by a social, economical and cultural resurgence in the sphere of medical practice in the region. For instance, the scientific basis on which TCAM has been founded is immensely the reason for appeal to the Residents of this region among a host of other reasons . 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 16
19. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE GCC countries have accepted TCAM standards and frameworks of reference for a continuous and sustainable policy development process. Oman, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain have adopted policy frameworks for the development and expansion of the scope of practice within the existing orthodox medical realm. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 17
20. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE These outcomes is the fact that policy alternatives have not been accompanied by parallel institutional developments that are essential for the execution strategy. This gap has been attributed to the failure of some GCC governments to come to terms with TCAM related outcomes in the sphere of public health. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 18
21. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE These developments apart from the existing frameworks require administrators and policy makers to identify and address all related issues for a proper implementation strategy. History and scope of TCAM in the UAE and GCC according to three distinct phases. (A). Phase one: Policy design, planning and regulation. (B). Phase two: Implementation and infrastructure. (C). Phase three: Current developments and future prospects. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 19
22. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE (A). Phase one: Policy design, planning and regulation The TCAM policy design, plan and regulation process in the UAE, and in particular in the GCC is characterized by an ever increasing desire by both the governments and private citizens. Almost all GCC member countries have collectively start policy level design, planning and regulation on TCAM strategy, there is still a huge gap between the ever rising demand for TCAM and the amount of infrastructure related investment in TCAM. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 20
23. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The policy design / planning began a number of decades ago, mostly at individual governmental level within the GCC. However, with time going on and the demand for TCAM increasing from citizens and tourists equally, the governments were awakened to a new dimension. TCAM has a long history in the whole of the Middle East. Historically the Middle East has had a well developed herbal medical practice. Its varied and rich culture helped herbal medicines to be accepted as part and parcel of the everyday life. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 21
24. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The Middle East had initiated such efforts which gradually spread into the GCCs. The UAE’s rejuvenation in TCAM related activity took shape against the backdrop of a continuing pattern of demand that has been going on for a number of decades. HAAD, MoH and DHA are in the forefront. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 22
25. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE MoH has a Regular Set up of TCAM Department started a few years ago with clear Regulations for ACCEPTING the TCAM Practitioners: Recognizing the Qualifications Proper Registration for Examination Clearly Specified Examination Procedures Stringent Quality in awarding the Registration Drs WafaHossaini & SaifAdamjee run the Department efficiently 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 23
26. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE HAAD and DHA follow MoH and accepts the Practitioners IF they are QUALIFIED from MoH. DHA – Dr OsamKhayali HAAD – Dr Mazaan Al Najii 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 24
27. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Different Branches of TCAM recognized by MOH. Traditional Islamic Medicine(Unani) Traditional Indian Medicine(Ayurveda & Siddha) Traditional Chinese Medicine Homeopathy Acupuncture Naturopathy Chiropractic Medicine Osteopathy Herbal & Oriental Medicine Kinesiology. Cupping Ozone Therapy 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 25
28. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Existing Functions of TCAM Department at the MoH 1- The office of TCAM is responsible for forming the Bye-Laws & it’s implementation of the policies. 2-Major responsibilities include licensing, examination & evaluation of the TCAM practitioners that includes verification of educational credentials & professional competence. 3- To implement prohibitions & restrictions for TCAM practitioners in liaison with local Health Authorities. 4-To develop strategy to monitor patient safety by conducting on site visits & provide technical support to TCAM practitioners. 5-To conduct conference, seminars, & workshops on existing diseases / possible treatment and other related topics in U.A.E. (Source: Dr SaifAdamjee – MoH) 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 26
29. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The regulatory frameworks developed in conformance with international norms in other regions have been the central point of focus due to what could be termed as “Compliance parameters and Ethical practice-based concepts”. Substantial proportions of herbal medicines are registered with MOH, they come directly into the market without stringent quality analysis or prior post-marketing safety monitoring. Moreover, a large number of unregistered herbal medicines are also dispensed from a wide range of outlets other than pharmacies with serious implications on patient safety. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 27
30. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE To strengthen MOH’s capacity in monitoring the safety of herbal medicine in the U.A.E. through a program of post market monitoring and surveillance. As well as to analyze the causes of adverse events and to share safety information at national, regional and global levels. To obtain a comprehensive coverage, herbal products can be placed into the following categories: Herbal medicines in the prescription medicines category. Herbal medicines in the non-prescription medicines category. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 28
31. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Products and services include herbs and nutrition related medicines and additives. The Regulation goes on to even add beauty centers run by TCAM professionals. The dispensing of unregistered herbal/traditional medicines from a wide range of outlets such as nutrition centers, supermarkets, department stores and Herbal Shops in addition to the beauty parlors pose another serious issue are monitored by Regional Municipalities/Department of Economics 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 29
32. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE This creates heightened risk as these products do not comply with any standards of good distribution practices and the concerned regulatory authorities do not have any details with regard to the products being dispensed from these outlets. As with the herbal medicines distributed through pharmacies, these products also do not have a post marketing surveillance, Pharma vigilance program or reporting system to monitor the safety of these drugs. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 30
33. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE According to the qualification of TCAM the MoH recognize: The Practitioner: holding a degree/diploma can be termed as a physician/practitioner with respect to the length of their training and the nature of their education. The Therapist: holding a diploma to carry out Massage/Procedure must work only under the supervision of a TCAM practitioner. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 31
34. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The UAE’s current policy design and planning process needs to be analyzed with reference to the larger GCC context. The GCC countries have been promoting TCAM on the basis of a comprehensive national policy which requires the adoption of TCAM at the national/regional level to complement the existing conventional medical practice and services. Beginning with the procuring of license, credentials and insurance, the GCC’s own record has been marred by an obvious absence of policy related developments (Holtz , 2007). 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 32
35. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Phase two: Implementation and infrastructure The implementation process is invariably associated with the building up of infrastructure and requires setting up of oversight mechanisms. There is a strategic approach to this kind of infrastructure creation and setting up of oversight mechanisms. GCC countries in general and the UAE in particular have been involved in implementing TCAM plans, but the regional level coordination efforts are lacking. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 33
36. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Phase two: Implementation and infrastructure – Contd. There have been some complaints about the lukewarm support in some of the emirates in the UAE for a national TCAM implementation strategy. This is equally applicable to other countries in the region as well. For instance, Saudi Government has just now taken some meaningful steps to implement a national level comprehensive plan for the development and promotion of TCAM at all levels of the national health care system. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 34
37. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Social infrastructures such as schools, universities, colleges, hospitals, infirmaries, herbariums and hospices need to be built up with the active participation of the government. The relative scope for the implementation of a TCAM program at the regional level in the GCC is high now and such a program must ensure a systematic process of development and implementation. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 35
38. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Skills development and training programs require institutional support. Thus governmental efforts right now in the GCC region cannot be regarded as adequate to meet the rising demand in the long term. The relative scope for the implementation of a TCAM program at the regional level in the GCC is high now and such a program must ensure a systematic process of development and implementation. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 36
39. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The risk factors associated with TCAM implementation have rarely been discussed and they deserve some wider attention here. The implementation process of TCAM strategies or plans is essentially loaded with some risks such as cognitive biases and prejudices among people, lack of empirical evidence to prove therapeutic properties of treatment techniques and their significance and lack of governmental support (Azaizeh, Fulder, Khalil, & Said, 2003). The lack of governmental support is one of the main reasons for the current impasse on progress within the GCC. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 37
40. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE Evidence based TCAM requires such implementation strategies effectively backed by administrative and institutional infrastructures. Lack of interest in initiating a systematic national program on TCAM in the past in the GCC and the UAE. Fear that investment in new social infrastructure considered to be unyielding in profits. This predicament has been one of the underlying causes for the snail-pace progress in setting up infrastructures and institutional frameworks in the GCC in general and the UAE in particular. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 38
41. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE The UAE health authorities were much influenced by the current thinking that rushing into unconventional medicine could jeopardize the ongoing research work on mainstream medicine funded by various outside organizations and governments. The GCC as a whole had the same attitude except Saudi Arabia which was seeking to widen the choices available to patients. Thus it is within a limited geographical expanse that TCAM was sought to be propagated. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 39
42. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE C). Phase three: Current developments and future prospects. The current level of developments in the sphere of TCAM in the GCC has been remarkably well initiated and the UAE’s own record as outlined above stands out. Despite this positive note there is still a long way for the UAE to go. In the first instance, its policy drive to initiate TCAM projects by enlisting private sector participation must not be limited to putting out regulatory frameworks only. The current Regulation 430 of 2007 has been in force for two years. Its contents with reference to qualifications and certifications of potential practitioners have been well articulated and delineated. Similarly, the Regulation expressly identifies possible areas of operation within the TCAM spectrum. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 40
43. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE C). Phase three: Current developments and future prospects – (Contd.) The policy goals of the UAE, are, NOW, well defined, but nevertheless, it is lacking in creating the institutional and administrative framework for the implementation of those policy goals . For instance, the Regulation states that it’s the duty of the practitioner to ensure that there would not be any harmful effects arising from medications. This is a direct reference. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 41
44. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE CONCLUSION: The scope and history of TCAM in the GCC in general and the UAE in particular have been characterized by a general interest shown by the governments and the public but nevertheless the degree of enthusiasm was not so obvious till the late 1980’s when particularly Saudi Arabia evinced an interest in TCAM/CAM. However, this process was not continued till the 1990’s when yet again there were some attempts within the GCC to initiate a parallel TCAM regime. This reluctance is probably attributable to the unwillingness of health authorities in the GCC to integrate TCAM into the existing conventional system of medicine. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 42
45. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE CONCLUSION (Contd.): The UAE’s experience has been similarly characterized by an on-and-off commitment to initiate TCAM related policy measures (Zand, Spreen & LaValle, 1999). Above all, nothing substantial in relation to TCAM practices was implemented by the UAE as a whole or by any of the emirates individually. However, its current progress requires special mention for there is no parallel for its Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine in the entire Middle East. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 43
46. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE CONCLUSION (Contd.) As for the rest of the GCC area, there is very little to mention about Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain. Oman and Qatar have been implementing some of the measures related to TACM such as registering practitioners and issuing licenses. Even in Kuwait and Bahrain similar activities have been initiated as of recently. Manipulation Based Therapies/Medicine practiced in GCC area is known as chiropractic, Osteopathy and Kinesiology. Other branches of evidence based medicine are Homeopathy and Naturopathy and Herbal Medicine. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 44
47. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE RECOMMENDATIONS: The Middle East in general and the GCC area in particular have been one of the fastest progressing in the world for organic and traditional health care products and services. Therefore the scope for TCAM is unquestionably greater. GCC governments ought to work out more comprehensive policy and strategy frameworks to implement both development and integration related TCAM programs. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 45
48. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd.): There must be equally institutional and administrative infrastructures in place to accommodate such related TCAM appendages like research facilities and training programs. The current level of integration between the mainstream medicine and TCAM is not much promising for the future planning progress. Demand for TCAM has been rising. The GCC governments ought to remove prejudices and biases among the conventional practitioners towards the unorthodox TCAM. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 46
49. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES: 1. Al-Abed, I., Abed, I. A., Hellyer, P., Vine, P. 2006. United Arab Emirates Yearbook. Trident Press Ltd, London. 2. Adib, S. M. 2004. “From the biomedical Model to the Islamic Alternative: A Brief Overview of Medical Practices in the Contemporary Arab World.” 3. Azaizeh, H., Saad, B., Khalil1, K. & Said, O. 2005. “The State of the Art of Traditional Arab Herbal Medicine in the Eastern Region of the Mediterranean: A Review.” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4. Azaizeh,H., Fulder, S., Khalil, K. & Said, O. 2003, “Ethnobotanical knowledge of local Arab Practitioners in the Middle Eastern Region.” Fitoterapia 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 47
50. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 5. Bivins, R. 2007. Alternative Medicine? A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 6. Bodeker, G. & Burford, G. 2007. Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine:Policy and Public Health Perspectives. Imperial College Press. London. 7. Callahan, D. 2002. The role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Accommodating Pluralism, Georgetown University Press, Washington. 8. Cuellar, N. G. 2006. Conversations in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Insightsand Perspectives from Leading Practitioners, Jones & Bartlett Publishers,Massachusetts. 9. Eskinazi, D. 2001. What Will Influence the Future of Alternative Medicine? : A World Perspective. World Scientific, New Jersey. 10 Fontanorossa, P. B. (Editor) & American Medical Association. 2000, Alternative Medicine: An Objective Assessment, 5th ed., American Medical Association Press, New York. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 48
51. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 11. Golzarian, J., Abada, H. T., Sun, S., Sharafuddin, M. J. & Sharafuddin, M. J. M.D. 2006, Vascular Embolotherapy: General principles, Chest, Abdomen, and Great Vessels. Birkhause. California. 12. Hasan, M. Y., Das, M. & Behjat, S. 2000. “Alternative Medicine and The Medical Profession: Views of Medical students and General practitioners.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol 6, iss 1, pp. 25-33 13. Holtz , C. 2007., Global Health Care: Issues and Policies. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts. 14. Kronenberg, F., Molholt, P., Zeng, M. L. & Eskinazi, D. A 2001. “ Comprehensive Information Resource on Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine: Toward an International Collaboration.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Vol 7, No 6, pp. 723-729. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 49
52. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 15. Kelner, M., Wellman, B., Pescosolido, B. A. & Saks, M. 2000. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Challenge and Change. Routledge, London. 16. Longe, J. L. 2005. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, 2nd ed., Thomson Gale, Hampshire. 17. Lewis, P. J. & Kenyon, J. N. 1996. Complementary Medicine: An Integrated Approach,Oxford University Press, Oxford. 18. Library Information and Research Service 2000. The Middle East, Library Information and Research Service. Colorado. 19. Murray, C. J. L. & Evans, D. B. 2003. Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates, Methods and Empiricism.World Health Organization, Geneva. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 50
53. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 20. Micozzi, M. S. 1996. Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine,Churchill Livingstone, Oxford. 21. Mark, D. & Abu - Rabia, A. The Middle East: Exploring the Virtues of Traditional Arabic 22. Ong, C. K., Bodeker, G., World Health Organization 2005, WHO Global Atlas ofTraditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. World Health Organization, Geneva. 23. Oumeish, O. Y. 1999. “Traditional Arabic Medicine in Dermatology.” Clinics in Dermatology. Vol.17, Iss 1, pp. 13-20 24. SaadB., Azaizeh, H., Abu-Hijleh, G. & Said, O. 2006.“Safety of Traditional Arab Herbal Medicine.” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol.3, no. 4, pp. 433-439. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 51
54. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 25. Saad, B., Azaizeh, H. & Omar Said, O 2005. “Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review”. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol 2, No. 4, pp. 475-479 26. Said, H. M. 1979. Traditional Greco-Arabic medicine and modern western medicine: Conflict or symbiosis, Hamdard Academy, Karachi. 27. Sheehan, H. E. & Brenton, B. P. 2002. Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Sage Publications, London. 28. Spencer, J. W. & Jacobs, J. J. 1999. Complementary/Alternative Medicine: An Evidence-Based Approach. Mosby, Missouri. 29. Stephen Fulder, S. 2002., “Extinction and Diversity in Alternative Medicine” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Vol 8, No 4, pp. 395-397. 30. Wainapel,S. F. & Fast, A. 2003. Alternative Medicine and Rehabilitation, Demos Medical Publishing, New York 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 52
55. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE REFERENCES Contd.: 31. Yesilada, E. 2005. “Past and Future Contributions to Traditional Medicine in the Health Care System of the Middle-East.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol 100, Iss 1-2, pp. 135-137 32. YoussefOumeish, O. Y. 1998. “The Philosophical, Cultural, and Historical Aspects of Complementary, Alternative, Unconventional, and Integrative Medicine in the Old World.” Archives of Dermatology, Vol 134, No 11, pp.1373-1386. 33. Zand, J., Spreen, A. N. & LaValle, J. B. 1999., Smart Medicine for Healthier Living. Avery, New York. 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 53
56. TCAM – Its Scope & History in GCC /UAE THANK YOU For enquiries and suggestions please contact at: <qureshi_nz@yahoo.co.uk> 5/27/2010 Dr Yousuf H. Qureshi 54